This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Vitamin C, with and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Vitamin C.

The Vitamin C market size considering 2022 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2018 to 2029. This report segments the global Vitamin C market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Vitamin C manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and by regions.

The global Vitamin C market size in 2022 is 1143.00 million US dollars, and it is expected to be 1971.63 million US dollars by 2029, with a compound annual growth rate of 8.10% expected in 2023-2029.

MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Vitamin C market include Foodchem International Corporation (China), CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China), Glanbia plc (Ireland), Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China), and Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands). The share of the top 3 players in the Vitamin C market is XX%.

REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, in which North America accounted for XX%, Europe accounted for XX% of Vitamin C market, and Asia Pacific accounted for XX%.

SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. Sodium Ascorbate accounted for XX% of Vitamin C market in 2022. Calcium Ascorbate share of XX%.
Tonic accounted for XX% of the Vitamin C market in 2022. Tablet accounts for XX%.

Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the product overview, market scope, study objectives, and industry dynamic analysis, and then includes the global impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
Chapter 2: Analysis of the competitive environment of Vitamin C market participants. This mainly includes the revenue, sales, market share, and average price of the top players, along with the players” M&A and expansion in recent years.
Chapters 3-6: Segmented the global Vitamin C market by type, application and region. Analyze the revenue of market segments from different perspectives.
Chapter 7: Analyzes the main companies in the Vitamin C industry, including their main businesses, products/services, sales, revenue, gross margin, and the latest developments.
Chapter 8: Analyzes the Vitamin C industry chain, including raw material analysis, sales and marketing, distributors and major downstream buyers.
Chapter 9: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Chapter 10: Concludes with an explanation of the data sources and research methods.

Highlights-Regions

North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Latin America
Brazil
Argentina
Mexico
MEA
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Turkey

Player list
Foodchem International Corporation (China)
CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China)
Glanbia plc (Ireland)
Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China)
Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands)
DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.)
Bayer AG (Germany)
Abbott (U.S.)
Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.)
Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China)
Vitamin Energy (U.S.)
DuPont (U.S.)
Sanofi (France)
DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China)

Types list
Sodium Ascorbate
Calcium Ascorbate
Potassium Ascorbate
Magnesium Ascorbate
Ascorbic Acid 90% Granulation
D-Isoascorbic Acid
Ascorbic Acid 95% Granulation
Ascorbic Acid 97% Granulation
Coated Vitamin C
Others

Application list
Tonic
Tablet
Granules
Injection

Table of Content

1 Study Coverage
1.1 Vitamin C Product Introduction
1.2 Global Vitamin C Outlook 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
1.3 United States Vitamin C Outlook 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
1.4 Vitamin C Market Size, United States VS Global, 2018-2029
1.4.1 The Market Share of United States Vitamin C in Global, 2018-2029
1.4.2 The Growth Rate of Vitamin C Market Size, United States VS Global, 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
1.5 Vitamin C Market Dynamics
1.5.1 Vitamin C Market Trends
1.5.2 Vitamin C Market Drivers
1.5.3 Vitamin C Market Challenges
1.5.4 Vitamin C Market Restraints
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
1.8 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Impact on Global
2 Global Vitamin C Competitor Landscape by Company
2.1 Global Vitamin C Market Size by Company
2.1.1 Top Global Vitamin C Player Ranked by Revenue (2023)
2.1.2 Global Vitamin C Revenue by Player (2018-2023)
2.2 Global Vitamin C Concentration Ratio (CR)
2.2.1 Vitamin C Market Concentration Ratio (CR) (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Top 3 and Top 6 Largest Players of Vitamin C in 2023
2.3 Global Vitamin C Business Distribution, Business Type
2.3.1 Global Vitamin C Players, Headquarters and Distribution
2.3.2 Players Vitamin C Business Type
2.3.3 Date of International Players Enter into Vitamin C Market
2.4 Players Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
2.5 United States Vitamin C Market Size by Company
2.5.1 Top United States Vitamin C Player s Ranked by Revenue (2023)
2.5.2 United States Vitamin C Revenue by Player (2018-2023)
3 Vitamin C Market Segment by Type
3.1 Vitamin C Market Segment by Type
3.2 Global Vitamin C Market Size by Type
3.3 United States Vitamin C Market Size by Type
4 Vitamin C Market Segment by Application
4.1 Vitamin C Market Segment by Application
4.2 Global Vitamin C Market Size by Application
4.3 United States Vitamin C Market Size by Application
5 Global Vitamin C Market Size by Region
5.1 Global Vitamin C Market Size by Region: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
5.2 Global Vitamin C Market Size in Value by Region (2018-2029)
5.2.1 Global Vitamin C Revenue by Region: 2018-2023
5.2.2 Global Vitamin C Revenue by Region: 2023-2029
5.3 Global Vitamin C Market Size in Volume by Region (2018-2029)
5.3.1 Global Vitamin C Volume by Region: 2018-2023
5.3.2 Global Vitamin C Volume by Region: 2023-2029
6 Segment in Regional Level & Country Level
6.1 North America
6.1.1 North America Vitamin C Market Size YoY Growth 2018-2029
6.1.2 North America Vitamin C Market Facts & Figures by Country (2018-2029)
6.1.3 U.S.
6.1.4 Canada
6.2 Asia Pacific
6.2.1 Asia Pacific Vitamin C Market Size YoY Growth 2018-2029
6.2.2 Asia Pacific Vitamin C Market Facts & Figures by Country (2018-2029)
6.2.3 China
6.2.4 Japan
6.2.5 South Korea
6.2.6 India
6.2.7 Australia
6.2.8 Southeast Asia
6.3 Europe
6.3.1 Europe Vitamin C Market Size YoY Growth 2018-2029
6.3.2 Europe Vitamin C Market Facts & Figures by Country (2018-2029)
6.3.3 Germany
6.3.4 France
6.3.5 UK
6.3.6 Italy
6.3.7 Russia
6.4 Latin America
6.4.1 Latin America Vitamin C Market Size YoY Growth 2018-2029
6.4.2 Latin America Vitamin C Market Facts & Figures by Country (2018-2029)
6.4.3 Mexico
6.4.4 Brazil
6.4.5 Argentina
6.5 Middle East and Africa
6.5.1 Middle East and Africa Vitamin C Market Size YoY Growth 2018-2029
6.5.2 Middle East and Africa Vitamin C Market Facts & Figures by Country (2018-2029)
6.5.3 Turkey
6.5.4 Saudi Arabia
6.5.5 UAE
7 Company Profiles
7.1 Foodchem International Corporation (China)
7.1.1 Foodchem International Corporation (China) Company Details
7.1.2 Description and Business Overview
7.1.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.1.4 Foodchem International Corporation (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Foodchem International Corporation (China) Recent Development
7.2 CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China)
7.2.1 CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China) Company Details
7.2.2 Description and Business Overview
7.2.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.2.4 CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.2.5 CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China) Recent Development
7.3 Glanbia plc (Ireland)
7.3.1 Glanbia plc (Ireland) Company Details
7.3.2 Description and Business Overview
7.3.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.3.4 Glanbia plc (Ireland) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Glanbia plc (Ireland) Recent Development
7.4 Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China)
7.4.1 Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China) Company Details
7.4.2 Description and Business Overview
7.4.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.4.4 Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China) Recent Development
7.5 Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands)
7.5.1 Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands) Company Details
7.5.2 Description and Business Overview
7.5.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.5.4 Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands) Recent Development
7.6 DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.)
7.6.1 DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.) Company Details
7.6.2 Description and Business Overview
7.6.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.6.4 DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.6.5 DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.) Recent Development
7.7 Bayer AG (Germany)
7.7.1 Bayer AG (Germany) Company Details
7.7.2 Description and Business Overview
7.7.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.7.4 Bayer AG (Germany) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Bayer AG (Germany) Recent Development
7.8 Abbott (U.S.)
7.8.1 Abbott (U.S.) Company Details
7.8.2 Description and Business Overview
7.8.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.8.4 Abbott (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Abbott (U.S.) Recent Development
7.9 Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.)
7.9.1 Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.) Company Details
7.9.2 Description and Business Overview
7.9.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.9.4 Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.) Recent Development
7.10 Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China)
7.10.1 Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China) Company Details
7.10.2 Description and Business Overview
7.10.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.10.4 Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China) Recent Development
7.11 Vitamin Energy (U.S.)
7.11.1 Vitamin Energy (U.S.) Company Details
7.11.2 Description and Business Overview
7.11.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.11.4 Vitamin Energy (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Vitamin Energy (U.S.) Recent Development
7.12 DuPont (U.S.)
7.12.1 DuPont (U.S.) Company Details
7.12.2 Description and Business Overview
7.12.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.12.4 DuPont (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.12.5 DuPont (U.S.) Recent Development
7.13 Sanofi (France)
7.13.1 Sanofi (France) Company Details
7.13.2 Description and Business Overview
7.13.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.13.4 Sanofi (France) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.13.5 Sanofi (France) Recent Development
7.14 DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China)
7.14.1 DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China) Company Details
7.14.2 Description and Business Overview
7.14.3 Vitamin C Introduction
7.14.4 DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
7.14.5 DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China) Recent Development
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Vitamin C Value Chain Analysis
8.2 Vitamin C Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Distributors List
8.3 Vitamin C Production Mode & Process
8.4 Vitamin C Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Magnetic Coupled Mixers Sales Channels
8.4.2 Magnetic Coupled Mixers Distributors
8.5 Magnetic Coupled Mixers Customers
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Methodology and Data Source
10.1 A Methodology
10.1.1 Research Process
10.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.2 B Data Source
10.2.1 Legal Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Vitamin C Product Picture
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue, ($), 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Figure Global Vitamin C Market Size 2018-2029 ($)
Table United States Vitamin C Revenue, ($), 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Figure United States Vitamin C Market Size 2018-2029 ($)
Figure United States Vitamin C Market Share in Global, in Value 2018-2029
Table Vitamin C CAGR in Value, United States VS Global, 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Table Vitamin C Market Trends
Table Vitamin C Market Drivers
Table Vitamin C Market Challenges
Table Vitamin C Market Restraints
Figure Vitamin C Report Years Considered
Figure (COVID-19) Impact on Global Economic Growth 2019, 2020, 2021
Figure Population infected by the Covid-19 of Major Countries
Table Top Vitamin C Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2023)
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue by Player, ($), 2018-2023
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue Share by Player, 2018-2023
Table Global Vitamin C Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
Figure The Top 3 and 6 Largest Players of Vitamin C in the World: Market Share by Vitamin C Revenue in 2023
Table Top Players of Vitamin C in Global Market, Headquarters and Distribution
Table Players Vitamin C Business Type
Table Date of International Players Enter into Vitamin C Market
Table Players Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Top Vitamin C Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2023)
Table United States Vitamin C Revenue by Player, ($), 2018-2023
Table United States Vitamin C Revenue Share by Player, 2018-2023
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue by Type: 2023 VS 2029 ($)
Figure Global Vitamin C Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2029
Figure Global Vitamin C Revenue by Type (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Global Vitamin C Revenue Market Share in Value by Type (2018-2029)
Table United States Vitamin C Revenue by Type: 2023 VS 2029 ($)
Figure United States Vitamin C Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2029
Figure United States Vitamin C Revenue by Type (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure United States Vitamin C Revenue Market Share in Value by Type (2018-2029)
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue by Application: 2023 VS 2029 ($)
Figure Global Vitamin C Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2029
Figure Global Vitamin C Revenue by Application (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Global Vitamin C Revenue Market Share in Value by Application (2018-2029)
Table United States Vitamin C Revenue by Application: 2023 VS 2029 ($)
Figure United States Vitamin C Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2029
Figure United States Vitamin C Revenue by Application (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure United States Vitamin C Revenue Market Share in Value by Application (2018-2029)
Table Global Vitamin C Market Size by Region ($): 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Figure Global Vitamin C Market Size Market Share by Region: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue by Region (2018-2023) & ($)
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2029) & ($)
Table Global Vitamin C Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Table Global Vitamin C Volume by Region (2018-2023) & ($)
Table Global Vitamin C Volume Forecast by Region (2023-2029) & ($)
Table Global Vitamin C Volume Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure North America Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate 2018-2029
Table North America Vitamin C Revenue by Country (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure U.S. Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Canada Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Asia Pacific Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate 2018-2029 ($)
Table Asia Pacific Vitamin C Revenue by Country (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure China Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Japan Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure South Korea Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure India Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Australia Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Southeast Asia Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Europe Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate 2018-2029 ($)
Table Europe Vitamin C Revenue by Country (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Germany Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure France Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure UK Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Italy Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Russia Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Latin America Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate 2018-2029 ($)
Table Latin America Vitamin C Revenue by Country (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Mexico Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Brazil Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Argentina Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Middle East and Africa Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate 2018-2029 ($)
Table Middle East and Africa Vitamin C Revenue by Country (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Turkey Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure Saudi Arabia Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Figure UAE Vitamin C Revenue Growth Rate (2018-2029) & ($)
Table Foodchem International Corporation (China) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Foodchem International Corporation (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Foodchem International Corporation (China) Recent Development
Table CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (China) Recent Development
Table Glanbia plc (Ireland) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Glanbia plc (Ireland) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Glanbia plc (Ireland) Recent Development
Table Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd ( NEPG ) (China) Recent Development
Table Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Duchefa Biochemie (Netherlands) Recent Development
Table DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table DSM (Netherlands), ADM (U.S.) Recent Development
Table Bayer AG (Germany) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Bayer AG (Germany) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Bayer AG (Germany) Recent Development
Table Abbott (U.S.) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Abbott (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Abbott (U.S.) Recent Development
Table Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Merck & Co., Inc. (U.S.) Recent Development
Table Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Anhui BBCA International Co., Ltd. (China) Recent Development
Table Vitamin Energy (U.S.) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Vitamin Energy (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Vitamin Energy (U.S.) Recent Development
Table DuPont (U.S.) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table DuPont (U.S.) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table DuPont (U.S.) Recent Development
Table Sanofi (France) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table Sanofi (France) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table Sanofi (France) Recent Development
Table DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China) Company Details
Table Description and Business Overview
Table Vitamin C Introduction
Table DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China) Vitamin C Revenue, Sales, and Gross Margin (2018-2023) (Million USD)
Table DSM Jiangshan Pharmaceutical (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd (China) Recent Development
Figure Vitamin C Value Chain
Table Key Raw Materials
Table Major Distributors of Vitamin C with Contact Information
Table Research Process
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report