This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Body Temperature Monitoring, with and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Body Temperature Monitoring.

The Body Temperature Monitoring market size considering 2022 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2018 to 2029. This report segments the global Body Temperature Monitoring market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Body Temperature Monitoring manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and by regions.

The global Body Temperature Monitoring market size in 2022 is 1653.80 million US dollars, and it is expected to be 2816.00 million US dollars by 2029, with a compound annual growth rate of 7.90% expected in 2023-2029.

MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Body Temperature Monitoring market include 3M, A&D Company, Easywell Biomedicals, Cardinal Health Inc, and Barun. The share of the top 3 players in the Body Temperature Monitoring market is XX%.

REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, in which North America accounted for XX%, Europe accounted for XX% of Body Temperature Monitoring market, and Asia Pacific accounted for XX%.

SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. Contact Thermometers accounted for XX% of Body Temperature Monitoring market in 2022. Non-Contact Thermometers share of XX%.
Hospitals & Clinics accounted for XX% of the Body Temperature Monitoring market in 2022. Home Settings accounts for XX%.

Increased demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the demand for body temperature monitoring devices. Temperature screening has become a crucial measure in various settings, including airports, healthcare facilities, workplaces, and public spaces, to identify individuals with potential fever symptoms.

Shift towards non-contact thermometers: Non-contact infrared thermometers have gained popularity due to their convenience and hygienic nature. These thermometers allow for quick and contactless temperature measurement, making them suitable for mass screening purposes. The demand for non-contact thermometers has surged during the pandemic.

Integration of temperature monitoring in wearable devices: Wearable devices, such as smartwatches and fitness bands, are increasingly incorporating temperature monitoring capabilities. These devices provide continuous temperature tracking, allowing individuals to monitor their body temperature throughout the day. The integration of temperature monitoring in wearables offers convenience and helps in early detection of abnormal temperature patterns.

Technological advancements: Advancements in technology have led to the development of more accurate, reliable, and user-friendly body temperature monitoring devices. These include features such as rapid measurement, high precision, easy-to-read displays, and wireless connectivity for data transfer and analysis.

Growing adoption of remote patient monitoring: Remote patient monitoring has gained traction, especially for individuals with chronic illnesses or those who require continuous temperature monitoring. The ability to remotely monitor body temperature and transmit data to healthcare professionals allows for timely intervention and improved patient care.

Focus on healthcare settings: Body temperature monitoring remains critical in healthcare settings, including hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes. There is a continued focus on the implementation of accurate and efficient temperature monitoring solutions in these environments to enhance patient safety and infection control measures.

The Following is the Scope of Analysis Mainly Covered by Our Research on the Global {XX} Market:
Highlights-Regions
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Spain
Nordic
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
UAE
Turkey
Saudi Arabia

Player list
3M
A&D Company
Easywell Biomedicals
Cardinal Health Inc
Barun
Exergen
Welch Allyn
Omron Healthcare
Kinsa Health
iProven
Lincare
Hicks Thermometer

Types list
Contact Thermometers
Non-Contact Thermometers

Application list
Hospitals & Clinics
Home Settings
Others

Table of Content

1 Body Temperature Monitoring Market Introduction and Overview
1.1 Body Temperature Monitoring Definition
1.2 Research Purposes
1.3 Report Timeline
1.4 Economic Analysis of Global Regions
1.5 Body Temperature Monitoring Industry Dynamic Analysis
1.5.1 Body Temperature Monitoring Market Trends Analysis
1.5.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Market Drivers Analysis
1.5.3 Body Temperature Monitoring Market Challenges Analysis
1.5.4 Body Temperature Monitoring Market Restraints Analysis
1.6 Inflation Analysis
1.7 The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
1.8 Coronavirus Disease 2020 (COVID-19) Impact on Global
2 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Market Insights by Type
2.1 Market Size Insights by Types
2.2 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue and Share by Type
2.3 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales and Share by Type
3 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Market Insights by Application
3.1 Market Size Insights by Application
3.2 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue and Share by Application (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales and Share by Application (2018-2023)
4 Global Market Growth Insights
4.1 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size (2018-2023)
4.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Growth Insights by Regions
4.2.1 Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size by Regions: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
4.2.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue Market Size by Regions (2018-2023)
4.2.3 Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size by Regions (2018-2023)
4.2.4 North America Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size (2018-2023)
4.2.5 Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size (2018-2023)
4.2.6 Asia-Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size (2018-2023)
4.2.7 Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size (2018-2023)
4.2.8 Middle East & Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size (2018-2023)
5 North America
5.1 North America Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries
5.1.1 North America Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries (2018-2023)
5.1.2 North America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Countries (2018-2023)
5.2 North America PEST Analysis
5.3 United States
5.4 Canada
6 Asia Pacific
6.1 Asia Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries
6.1.1 Asia Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries (2018-2023)
6.1.2 Asia Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Countries (2018-2023)
6.2 Asia-Pacific PEST Analysis
6.3 China
6.4 Japan
6.5 Korea
6.6 Southeast Asia
6.7 India
6.8 Australia
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries
7.1.1 Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries (2018-2023)
7.1.2 Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Countries (2018-2023)
7.2 Europe PEST Analysis
7.3 Germany
7.4 France
7.5 UK
7.6 Italy
7.7 Russia
7.8 Spain
7.9 Nordic
8 Latin America
8.1 Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries (2018-2023)
8.1.2 Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Countries (2018-2023)
8.2 Latin America PEST Analysis
8.3 Brazil
8.4 Argentina
8.5 Mexico
9 Middle East & Africa
9.1 Middle East & Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East & Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Countries (2018-2023)
9.1.2 Middle East & Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Countries (2018-2023)
9.2 Middle East & Africa PEST Analysis
9.3 Egypt
9.4 South Africa
9.5 UAE
9.6 Turkey
9.7 Saudi Arabia
10 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Market Competition, by Players
10.1 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue and Market Share by Players
10.2 Market Concentration Rate
10.2.1 Top 3 Body Temperature Monitoring Players Market Share in 2022
10.2.2 Top 6 Body Temperature Monitoring Players Market Share in 2022
10.2.3 Market Competition Trend
10.3 Body Temperature Monitoring Players Head Office, Business Provided
10.4 Body Temperature Monitoring Mergers & Acquisitions
10.5 Body Temperature Monitoring New Entrants and Expansion Plans
11 Players Profiles
11.1 3M
11.1.1 3M Company Profile
11.1.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.1.3 3M Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.1.4 3M Business Overview
11.1.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.2 A&D Company
11.2.1 A&D Company Company Profile
11.2.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.2.3 A&D Company Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.2.4 A&D Company Business Overview
11.2.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.3 Easywell Biomedicals
11.3.1 Easywell Biomedicals Company Profile
11.3.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.3.3 Easywell Biomedicals Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.3.4 Easywell Biomedicals Business Overview
11.3.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.4 Cardinal Health Inc
11.4.1 Cardinal Health Inc Company Profile
11.4.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.4.3 Cardinal Health Inc Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.4.4 Cardinal Health Inc Business Overview
11.4.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.5 Barun
11.5.1 Barun Company Profile
11.5.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.5.3 Barun Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.5.4 Barun Business Overview
11.5.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.6 Exergen
11.6.1 Exergen Company Profile
11.6.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.6.3 Exergen Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.6.4 Exergen Business Overview
11.6.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.7 Welch Allyn
11.7.1 Welch Allyn Company Profile
11.7.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.7.3 Welch Allyn Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.7.4 Welch Allyn Business Overview
11.7.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.8 Omron Healthcare
11.8.1 Omron Healthcare Company Profile
11.8.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.8.3 Omron Healthcare Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.8.4 Omron Healthcare Business Overview
11.8.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.9 Kinsa Health
11.9.1 Kinsa Health Company Profile
11.9.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.9.3 Kinsa Health Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.9.4 Kinsa Health Business Overview
11.9.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.10 iProven
11.10.1 iProven Company Profile
11.10.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.10.3 iProven Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.10.4 iProven Business Overview
11.10.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.11 Lincare
11.11.1 Lincare Company Profile
11.11.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.11.3 Lincare Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.11.4 Lincare Business Overview
11.11.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.12 Hicks Thermometer
11.12.1 Hicks Thermometer Company Profile
11.12.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Product Overview
11.12.3 Hicks Thermometer Body Temperature Monitoring Market Performance (2018-2023)
11.12.4 Hicks Thermometer Business Overview
11.12.5 Recent Developments and Plans
12 Body Temperature Monitoring Manufacturing Cost Analysis
12.1 Body Temperature Monitoring Key Raw Materials Analysis
12.1.1 Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
12.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
12.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.2.1 Raw Materials
12.2.2 Labor Cost
12.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
12.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Body Temperature Monitoring
12.4 Body Temperature Monitoring Industrial Chain Analysis
13 Market Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Market Channel Status
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Typical Distributors
13.3 Body Temperature Monitoring Typical Customers
14 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Insights by Type
14.1 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue Market Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
14.2 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
15 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Insights by Application
15.1 Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue Market Forecast by Application (2023-2029)
15.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Forecast by Application (2023-2029)
16 Global Market Growth Forecast Insights
16.1 Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Size (2023-2029)
16.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Growth Forecast Insights by Regions
16.2.1 Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue Forecast Market Size by Regions (2023-2029)
16.2.2 Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Forecast Market Size by Regions (2023-2029)
16.2.3 North America Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Size (2023-2029)
16.2.4 Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Size (2023-2029)
16.2.5 Asia-Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Size (2023-2029)
16.2.6 Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Size (2023-2029)
16.2.7 Middle East & Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Forecast Market Size (2023-2029)
17 Research Findings and Conclusion
18 Methodology and Data Source
18.1 A Methodology
18.1.1 Research Process
18.1.2 Market Size Estimation
18.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
18.2 B Data Source
18.2.1 Legal Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Body Temperature Monitoring Picture
Table Product Definition of Body Temperature Monitoring
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Figure Years Considered
Table Inflation Analysis
Table The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
Figure (COVID-19) Impact on Global Economic Growth 2019, 2020, 2021
Figure Population infected by the Covid-19 of Major Countries
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Production by Players (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Production Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Body Temperature Monitoring in 2023
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Body Temperature Monitoring in 2023
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Players (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Body Temperature Monitoring in 2023
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Body Temperature Monitoring in 2023
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Production Price by Players
Table Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Players Geographical Distribution
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Company Profiles
Table 3M Overview
Table 3M Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table 3M Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table A&D Company Overview
Table A&D Company Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table A&D Company Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Easywell Biomedicals Overview
Table Easywell Biomedicals Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Easywell Biomedicals Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Cardinal Health Inc Overview
Table Cardinal Health Inc Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Cardinal Health Inc Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Barun Overview
Table Barun Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Barun Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Exergen Overview
Table Exergen Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Exergen Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Welch Allyn Overview
Table Welch Allyn Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Welch Allyn Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Omron Healthcare Overview
Table Omron Healthcare Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Omron Healthcare Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Kinsa Health Overview
Table Kinsa Health Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Kinsa Health Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table iProven Overview
Table iProven Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table iProven Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Lincare Overview
Table Lincare Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Lincare Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Hicks Thermometer Overview
Table Hicks Thermometer Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table Hicks Thermometer Related Developments
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Production by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Production Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Production by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Production Share by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Value by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Value Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Value by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Value Share by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Price by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Price Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Consumption by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Consumption Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Consumption by Application (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Consumption Share by Application (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Revenue Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Revenue by Application (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Revenue Share by Application (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Price by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Price Forecast by Application (2023-2029)
Figure Global Body Temperature Monitoring Production (2018-2029)
Figure Global Body Temperature Monitoring Value (2018-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Production by Region: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Historic Production by Region (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Historic Production Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Historic Value by Region (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Historic Value Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Production by Region (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Production Share by Region (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Value by Region (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Forecasted Value Share by Region (2023-2029)
Figure North America Body Temperature Monitoring Production (2018-2029)
Figure North America Body Temperature Monitoring Value (2018-2029)
Table North America Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Production (2018-2029)
Figure Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Value (2018-2029)
Table Europe Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure China Body Temperature Monitoring Production (2018-2029)
Figure China Body Temperature Monitoring Value (2018-2029)
Table China Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Japan Body Temperature Monitoring Production (2018-2029)
Figure Japan Body Temperature Monitoring Value (2018-2029)
Table Japan Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2018-2023
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2018-2029
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Region: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Region (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Region (2023-2029)
Table Global Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Share by Region (2023-2029)
Figure North America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales (2018-2029)
Table North America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Country (2018-2029)
Table North America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure United States Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Canada Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Sales (2018-2029)
Table Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Country (2018-2029)
Table Europe Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure Germany Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure France Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure U.K. Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Italy Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Russia Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Asia-Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Sales (2018-2029)
Table Asia Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Region (2018-2029)
Table Asia Pacific Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure China Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Japan Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure South Korea Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure India Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Australia Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Country (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure Mexico Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Brazil Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Middle East & Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Sales (2018-2029)
Table Middle East and Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Sales by Country (2018-2029)
Table Middle East and Africa Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure Turkey Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure Saudi Arabia Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Figure U.A.E Body Temperature Monitoring Sales Market Size (2018-2029)
Table Raw Material
Table Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Figure Sales Channels
Table Major Distributors of Body Temperature Monitoring with Contact Information
Table Major Customers of Body Temperature Monitoring with Contact Information
Table Research Process
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report