The global Aromatherapy Consumables market size in 2023 is xx million US dollars, and it is expected to be xx million US dollars by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of xx% expected in 2024-2030.
MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Aromatherapy Consumables market include doTERRA International, Edens Garden, Young Living Essential Oils, Frontier Natural Products Co-op, and Rocky Mountain Oils. The share of the top 3 players in the Aromatherapy Consumables market is xx%.
REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, and North America accounted for xx%, Europe accounted for xx% of Aromatherapy Consumables market, and Asia Pacific accounted for xx%.
SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. Essential Oils accounted for xx% of Aromatherapy Consumables market in 2023. Carrier Oils share of xx%.
Relaxation accounted for xx% of the Aromatherapy Consumables market in 2023. Skin & Hair Care accounts for xx%.
The report includes the analysis of impact of COVID-19 lock-down on the revenue of market leaders, followers, and disrupters. Since lock down was implemented differently in different regions and countries, impact of same is also different by regions and segments. The report has covered the current short term and long term impact on the market, same will help decision makers to prepare the outline for short term and long term strategies for companies by region.
The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, industry-validated market data and projections with a suitable set of assumptions and methodology. The report also helps in understanding Global Aromatherapy Consumables Market dynamics, structure by identifying and analyzing the market segments and project the global market size.
In addition, the market SWOT analysis, dynamics, trends, technologies, opportunities and challenges analysis are covered in the report.
Further, the report also focuses on the competitive analysis of key players by product, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the product overview, market scope, product classification, application, and regional division, and then includes inflation analysis, the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the market, and the global impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
Chapter 2: Analysis of the competitive environment of Aromatherapy Consumables market participants. This mainly includes the revenue, sales, market share, and average price of the top players, along with the players” M&A and expansion in recent years.
Chapter 3: Analyzes the main companies in the Aromatherapy Consumables industry, including their main businesses, products/services, sales, prices, revenue, gross margin, and the latest developments.
Chapters 4-5: Segmented the global Aromatherapy Consumables market by type, and application. Analyze the revenue, sales and price of market segments from different perspectives.
Chapters 6-7: Provide global Aromatherapy Consumables market production status and consumption status by region.
Chapters 8-12: Provide North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa Aromatherapy Consumables market country segmentation data.
Chapter 13: Analyzes the Aromatherapy Consumables industry chain, including raw material analysis, sales and marketing, distributors and major downstream buyers.
Chapter 14: Introduces the market dynamics, the trends factors and drivers factors of the market, and the challenges and restraints faced by manufacturers in the industry, and includes market technology analysis.
Chapter 15: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Chapter 16: Concludes with an explanation of the data sources and research methods.
Highlights-Regions
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Latin America
Brazil
Argentina
Mexico
MEA
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Turkey
Player list
doTERRA International
Edens Garden
Young Living Essential Oils
Frontier Natural Products Co-op
Rocky Mountain Oils
Mountain Rose Herbs
Plant Therapy Essential Oils
Types list
Essential Oils
Carrier Oils
Application list
Relaxation
Skin & Hair Care
Pain Management
Cold & Cough
Insomnia
Scar Management
Others
Table of Content
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Aromatherapy Consumables Product Introduction
1.2 Market by Type
1.2.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
1.6 Currency Exchange Rate
1.7 Inflation Analysis
1.8 The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
1.9 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Impact on Global
2 Competition by Players
2.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Players
2.1.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Players (2019-2024)
2.1.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
2.1.3 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Players of Aromatherapy Consumables in 2024
2.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Players
2.2.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
2.2.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
2.2.3 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Companies by Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue in 2024
2.3 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Price by Players
2.4 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.4.1 Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
2.4.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Players Geographical Distribution
2.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
3 Company Overview
3.1 doTERRA International
3.1.1 doTERRA International Information
3.1.2 doTERRA International Overview
3.1.3 doTERRA International Aromatherapy Consumables Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.1.4 doTERRA International Related Developments
3.2 Edens Garden
3.2.1 Edens Garden Information
3.2.2 Edens Garden Overview
3.2.3 Edens Garden Aromatherapy Consumables Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.2.4 Edens Garden Related Developments
3.3 Young Living Essential Oils
3.3.1 Young Living Essential Oils Information
3.3.2 Young Living Essential Oils Overview
3.3.3 Young Living Essential Oils Aromatherapy Consumables Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.3.4 Young Living Essential Oils Related Developments
3.4 Frontier Natural Products Co-op
3.4.1 Frontier Natural Products Co-op Information
3.4.2 Frontier Natural Products Co-op Overview
3.4.3 Frontier Natural Products Co-op Aromatherapy Consumables Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.4.4 Frontier Natural Products Co-op Related Developments
3.5 Rocky Mountain Oils
3.5.1 Rocky Mountain Oils Information
3.5.2 Rocky Mountain Oils Overview
3.5.3 Rocky Mountain Oils Aromatherapy Consumables Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.5.4 Rocky Mountain Oils Related Developments
3.6 Mountain Rose Herbs
3.6.1 Mountain Rose Herbs Information
3.6.2 Mountain Rose Herbs Overview
3.6.3 Mountain Rose Herbs Aromatherapy Consumables Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.6.4 Mountain Rose Herbs Related Developments
3.7 Plant Therapy Essential Oils
3.7.1 Plant Therapy Essential Oils Information
3.7.2 Plant Therapy Essential Oils Overview
3.7.3 Plant Therapy Essential Oils Aromatherapy Consumables Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.7.4 Plant Therapy Essential Oils Related Developments
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Type
4.1.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Type (2019-2024)
4.1.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Sales by Type (2024-2030)
4.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Type
4.2.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Type (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Revenue by Type (2024-2030)
4.3 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price by Type
4.3.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price by Type (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Application
5.1.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Application (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Sales by Application (2024-2030)
5.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Application
5.2.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
5.3 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price by Application
5.3.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
6 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Production
6.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Production (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
6.3 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Production by Region
6.3.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
6.3.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
6.4 North America
6.5 Europe
6.6 China
6.7 Japan
7 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Market Insights Estimates and Forecasts
7.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
7.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
7.3 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
7.4 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region
7.4.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region (2019-2024)
7.4.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region (2024-2030)
7.5 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Region
7.5.1 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
7.5.2 Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Region (2024-2030)
7.6 North America
7.7 Europe
7.8 Asia-Pacific
7.9 Latin America
7.10 Middle East & Africa
8 North America
8.1 North America Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size by Country
8.1.1 North America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
8.1.2 North America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
8.1.3 U.S.
8.1.4 Canada
9 Europe
9.1 Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
9.1.2 Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
9.1.3 Germany
9.1.4 France
9.1.5 U.K.
9.1.6 Italy
9.1.7 Russia
10 Asia Pacific
10.1 Asia Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size by Region
10.1.1 Asia Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region (2019-2030)
10.1.2 Asia Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Region (2019-2030)
10.1.3 China
10.1.4 Japan
10.1.5 South Korea
10.1.6 India
10.1.7 Southeast Asia
10.1.8 Australia
11 Latin America
11.1 Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size by Country
11.1.1 Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
11.1.2 Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
11.1.3 Mexico
11.1.4 Brazil
12 Middle East and Africa
12.1 Middle East and Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size by Country
12.1.1 Middle East and Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
12.1.2 Middle East and Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
12.1.3 Turkey
12.1.4 Saudi Arabia
12.1.5 U.A.E
13 Value Chain and Channels Analysis
13.1 Aromatherapy Consumables Value Chain Analysis
13.2 Aromatherapy Consumables Key Raw Materials
13.2.1 Key Raw Materials
13.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
13.3 Aromatherapy Consumables Production Mode & Process
13.4 Aromatherapy Consumables Sales and Marketing
13.4.1 Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Channels
13.4.2 Aromatherapy Consumables Distributors
13.5 Aromatherapy Consumables Customers
14 Market Drivers, Opportunities, Challenges and Risks Factors Analysis
14.1 Aromatherapy Consumables Industry Trends
14.2 Aromatherapy Consumables Market Drivers
14.3 Aromatherapy Consumables Market Challenges
14.4 Aromatherapy Consumables Market Restraints
14.5 Aromatherapy Consumables Market Technology Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source
16.1 Methodology
16.1.1 Research Process
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Legal Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Aromatherapy Consumables Picture
Table Product Definition of Aromatherapy Consumables
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Figure Years Considered
Table Inflation Analysis
Table The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
Figure (COVID-19) Impact on Global Economic Growth 2019, 2020, 2021
Figure Population infected by the Covid-19 of Major Countries
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Aromatherapy Consumables in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Aromatherapy Consumables in 2024
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Aromatherapy Consumables in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Aromatherapy Consumables in 2024
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Price by Players
Table Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Players Geographical Distribution
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Company Profiles
Table doTERRA International Overview
Table doTERRA International Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table doTERRA International Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Edens Garden Overview
Table Edens Garden Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Edens Garden Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Young Living Essential Oils Overview
Table Young Living Essential Oils Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Young Living Essential Oils Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Frontier Natural Products Co-op Overview
Table Frontier Natural Products Co-op Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Frontier Natural Products Co-op Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Rocky Mountain Oils Overview
Table Rocky Mountain Oils Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Rocky Mountain Oils Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Mountain Rose Herbs Overview
Table Mountain Rose Herbs Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Mountain Rose Herbs Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Plant Therapy Essential Oils Overview
Table Plant Therapy Essential Oils Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Plant Therapy Essential Oils Related Developments
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Sales by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Sales Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Revenue by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Revenue Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Sales by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Sales Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Revenue Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
Figure Global Aromatherapy Consumables Production (2019-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Historic Production Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Forecasted Production Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Aromatherapy Consumables Production (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Production (2019-2030)
Figure China Aromatherapy Consumables Production (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Aromatherapy Consumables Production (2019-2030)
Figure Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
Figure Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales (2019-2030)
Figure North America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Asia-Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Asia-Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Middle East & Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Middle East & Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue (2019-2030)
Table North America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure United States Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure United States Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Canada Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Canada Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Germany Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Germany Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure France Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure France Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.K. Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.K. Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Italy Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Italy Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Russia Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Russia Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure China Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure China Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure South Korea Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure South Korea Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure India Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure India Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Southeast Asia Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Southeast Asia Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Australia Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Australia Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Mexico Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Mexico Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Brazil Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Brazil Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Turkey Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Turkey Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Saudi Arabia Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Saudi Arabia Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.A.E Aromatherapy Consumables Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.A.E Aromatherapy Consumables Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Raw Material
Table Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Figure Sales Channels
Table Major Distributors of Aromatherapy Consumables with Contact Information
Table Major Customers of Aromatherapy Consumables with Contact Information
Table Research Process
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report