Market Analysis and Insights: Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market
The global Automotive Alternative Propulsion market size in 2023 is XX million US dollars, and it is expected to be XX million US dollars by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of XX% expected in 2024-2030.

MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Automotive Alternative Propulsion market include General Motors Company, Robert Bosch GmbH, Toyota Motor Corporation, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, and Continental AG. The share of the top 3 players in the Automotive Alternative Propulsion market is XX%.

REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, and North America accounted for XX%, Europe accounted for XX% of Automotive Alternative Propulsion market, and Asia Pacific accounted for XX%.

SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. FCEV accounted for XX% of Automotive Alternative Propulsion market in 2023. HEV share of XX%.
Passenger Vehicle accounted for XX% of the Automotive Alternative Propulsion market in 2023. Commercial Vehicle accounts for XX%.

With industry-standard accuracy in analysis and high data integrity, the report makes a brilliant attempt to unveil key opportunities available in the global Automotive Alternative Propulsion market to help players in achieving a strong market position. Buyers of the report can access verified and reliable market forecasts, including those for the overall size of the global Automotive Alternative Propulsion market in terms of revenue.

On the whole, the report proves to be an effective tool that players can use to gain a competitive edge over their competitors and ensure lasting success in the global Automotive Alternative Propulsion market. All of the findings, data, and information provided in the report are validated and revalidated with the help of trustworthy sources. The analysts who have authored the report took a unique and industry-best research and analysis approach for an in-depth study of the global Automotive Alternative Propulsion market.

Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Scope and Market Size
Automotive Alternative Propulsion market is segmented by company, region (country), by Type, and by Application. Players, stakeholders, and other participants in the global Automotive Alternative Propulsion market will be able to gain the upper hand as they use the report as a powerful resource.

The impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War on the Automotive Alternative Propulsion industry is considered in the report, covering the dynamic analysis of the development of the Automotive Alternative Propulsion industry, including trends, technologies, opportunities, constraints. To ensure report buyers are able to gain in-depth knowledge of the market.

Highlights-Regions

North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Spain
Nordic
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
UAE
Turkey
Saudi Arabia

Player list
General Motors Company
Robert Bosch GmbH
Toyota Motor Corporation
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
Continental AG
Volkswagen Group
Tata Motors Limited
Hyundai
Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd
Tesla, Inc
ZF Friedrichshafen AG

Types list
FCEV
HEV
EV

Application list
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle

Table of Content

1 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Introduction and Overview
1.1 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Definition
1.2 Research Purposes
1.3 Report Timeline
1.4 Economic Analysis of Global Regions
1.5 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Industry Dynamic Analysis
1.5.1 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Trends Analysis
1.5.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Drivers Analysis
1.5.3 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Challenges Analysis
1.5.4 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Restraints Analysis
1.6 Inflation Analysis
1.7 The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
1.8 Coronavirus Disease 2020 (COVID-19) Impact on Global
2 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Insights by Type
2.1 Market Size Insights by Types
2.2 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue and Share by Type
2.3 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales and Share by Type
3 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Insights by Application
3.1 Market Size Insights by Application
3.2 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue and Share by Application (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales and Share by Application (2019-2024)
4 Global Market Growth Insights
4.1 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Growth Insights by Regions
4.2.1 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size by Regions: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
4.2.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue Market Size by Regions (2019-2024)
4.2.3 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size by Regions (2019-2024)
4.2.4 North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.5 Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.6 Asia-Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.7 Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.8 Middle East & Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size (2019-2024)
5 North America
5.1 North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries
5.1.1 North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
5.1.2 North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
5.2 North America PEST Analysis
5.3 United States
5.4 Canada
6 Asia Pacific
6.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries
6.1.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Asia Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
6.2 Asia-Pacific PEST Analysis
6.3 China
6.4 Japan
6.5 Korea
6.6 Southeast Asia
6.7 India
6.8 Australia
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries
7.1.1 Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
7.1.2 Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
7.2 Europe PEST Analysis
7.3 Germany
7.4 France
7.5 UK
7.6 Italy
7.7 Russia
7.8 Spain
7.9 Nordic
8 Latin America
8.1 Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
8.1.2 Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
8.2 Latin America PEST Analysis
8.3 Brazil
8.4 Argentina
8.5 Mexico
9 Middle East & Africa
9.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
9.1.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
9.2 Middle East & Africa PEST Analysis
9.3 Egypt
9.4 South Africa
9.5 UAE
9.6 Turkey
9.7 Saudi Arabia
10 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Competition, by Players
10.1 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue and Market Share by Players
10.2 Market Concentration Rate
10.2.1 Top 3 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Players Market Share in 2023
10.2.2 Top 6 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Players Market Share in 2023
10.2.3 Market Competition Trend
10.3 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Players Head Office, Business Provided
10.4 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Mergers & Acquisitions
10.5 Automotive Alternative Propulsion New Entrants and Expansion Plans
11 Players Profiles
11.1 General Motors Company
11.1.1 General Motors Company Company Profile
11.1.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.1.3 General Motors Company Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.1.4 General Motors Company Business Overview
11.1.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.2 Robert Bosch GmbH
11.2.1 Robert Bosch GmbH Company Profile
11.2.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.2.3 Robert Bosch GmbH Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.2.4 Robert Bosch GmbH Business Overview
11.2.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.3 Toyota Motor Corporation
11.3.1 Toyota Motor Corporation Company Profile
11.3.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.3.3 Toyota Motor Corporation Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.3.4 Toyota Motor Corporation Business Overview
11.3.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.4 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
11.4.1 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Company Profile
11.4.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.4.3 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.4.4 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Business Overview
11.4.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.5 Continental AG
11.5.1 Continental AG Company Profile
11.5.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.5.3 Continental AG Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.5.4 Continental AG Business Overview
11.5.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.6 Volkswagen Group
11.6.1 Volkswagen Group Company Profile
11.6.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.6.3 Volkswagen Group Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.6.4 Volkswagen Group Business Overview
11.6.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.7 Tata Motors Limited
11.7.1 Tata Motors Limited Company Profile
11.7.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.7.3 Tata Motors Limited Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.7.4 Tata Motors Limited Business Overview
11.7.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.8 Hyundai
11.8.1 Hyundai Company Profile
11.8.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.8.3 Hyundai Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.8.4 Hyundai Business Overview
11.8.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.9 Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd
11.9.1 Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd Company Profile
11.9.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.9.3 Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.9.4 Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd Business Overview
11.9.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.10 Tesla, Inc
11.10.1 Tesla, Inc Company Profile
11.10.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.10.3 Tesla, Inc Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.10.4 Tesla, Inc Business Overview
11.10.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.11 ZF Friedrichshafen AG
11.11.1 ZF Friedrichshafen AG Company Profile
11.11.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Product Overview
11.11.3 ZF Friedrichshafen AG Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.11.4 ZF Friedrichshafen AG Business Overview
11.11.5 Recent Developments and Plans
12 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Manufacturing Cost Analysis
12.1 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Key Raw Materials Analysis
12.1.1 Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
12.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
12.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.2.1 Raw Materials
12.2.2 Labor Cost
12.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
12.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Alternative Propulsion
12.4 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Industrial Chain Analysis
13 Market Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Market Channel Status
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Typical Distributors
13.3 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Typical Customers
14 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Insights by Type
14.1 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue Market Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
14.2 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
15 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Insights by Application
15.1 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue Market Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
15.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
16 Global Market Growth Forecast Insights
16.1 Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Growth Forecast Insights by Regions
16.2.1 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue Forecast Market Size by Regions (2024-2030)
16.2.2 Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Forecast Market Size by Regions (2024-2030)
16.2.3 North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.4 Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.5 Asia-Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.6 Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.7 Middle East & Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
17 Research Findings and Conclusion
18 Methodology and Data Source
18.1 A Methodology
18.1.1 Research Process
18.1.2 Market Size Estimation
18.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
18.2 B Data Source
18.2.1 Legal Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Automotive Alternative Propulsion Picture
Table Product Definition of Automotive Alternative Propulsion
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Figure Years Considered
Table Inflation Analysis
Table The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
Figure (COVID-19) Impact on Global Economic Growth 2019, 2020, 2021
Figure Population infected by the Covid-19 of Major Countries
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Automotive Alternative Propulsion in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Automotive Alternative Propulsion in 2024
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Automotive Alternative Propulsion in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Automotive Alternative Propulsion in 2024
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production Price by Players
Table Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Players Geographical Distribution
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Company Profiles
Table General Motors Company Overview
Table General Motors Company Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table General Motors Company Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Robert Bosch GmbH Overview
Table Robert Bosch GmbH Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Robert Bosch GmbH Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Toyota Motor Corporation Overview
Table Toyota Motor Corporation Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Toyota Motor Corporation Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Overview
Table Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Continental AG Overview
Table Continental AG Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Continental AG Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Volkswagen Group Overview
Table Volkswagen Group Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Volkswagen Group Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Tata Motors Limited Overview
Table Tata Motors Limited Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Tata Motors Limited Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Hyundai Overview
Table Hyundai Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Hyundai Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd Overview
Table Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Tesla, Inc Overview
Table Tesla, Inc Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Tesla, Inc Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table ZF Friedrichshafen AG Overview
Table ZF Friedrichshafen AG Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table ZF Friedrichshafen AG Related Developments
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Production by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Production Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Value by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Value by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Value Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Price by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Consumption by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Consumption Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Consumption by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Consumption Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Revenue Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Price by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
Figure Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production (2019-2030)
Figure Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Value (2019-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Historic Production Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Historic Value by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Historic Value Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Production Share by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Value by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Forecasted Value Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production (2019-2030)
Figure North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Value (2019-2030)
Table North America Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Value (2019-2030)
Table Europe Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure China Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production (2019-2030)
Figure China Automotive Alternative Propulsion Value (2019-2030)
Table China Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Japan Automotive Alternative Propulsion Production (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Automotive Alternative Propulsion Value (2019-2030)
Table Japan Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales (2019-2030)
Table North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure United States Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Canada Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales (2019-2030)
Table Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Germany Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure France Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.K. Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Italy Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Russia Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Asia-Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure China Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure South Korea Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure India Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Australia Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Mexico Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Brazil Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Middle East & Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Turkey Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Saudi Arabia Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.A.E Automotive Alternative Propulsion Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Raw Material
Table Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Figure Sales Channels
Table Major Distributors of Automotive Alternative Propulsion with Contact Information
Table Major Customers of Automotive Alternative Propulsion with Contact Information
Table Research Process
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report